Supply Chain Integration and Operational Performance. Ghanaian Pharmaceutical Industry Perspective

This study investigates the relationship between supply chain integration and
operational performance within the Ghanaian pharmaceutical industry. Utilizing a
descriptive case study approach, the research draws on primary data from 120
administrators and managers across twelve top-performing pharmaceutical firms in
Ghana. The study explores four key dimensions of supply chain integration—
supplier integration, customer integration, internal integration, and information
technology integration—and evaluates their impact on operational performance
indicators such as cost, flexibility, speed, and product quality. Despite its recognized
importance, customer integration practices were found to be limited, suggesting a
gap between strategic intent and execution. The study also identifies several critical
challenges impeding integration efforts, including price volatility, weak policy
support, and regulatory bottlenecks. The research highlights the need for enhanced
customer engagement strategies and improved regulatory frameworks to fully
leverage integration efforts. Recommendations include revising supplier
collaboration protocols, expanding IT-driven solutions, and fostering a more
coordinated policy environment. These insights contribute to both academic
literature and practical reforms in pharmaceutical supply chain management in
emerging economies.